Ethical Dilemmas Of Attorney Client Privilege - 1157 Words

Merriam-Webster dictionary defines an ethical dilemma as a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act. Attorneys come into contact daily which involves the attorney-client relationships. The attorney-client privilege is a legal privilege that works to keep communications between a lawyer and his/her client secret (silence is golden). The privilege is a legal doctrine that protects confidential information, the contents and actions related to the privileged communication must preserve the integrity of the attorney-client privilege. This paper presents the ethical dilemmas of the attorney-client privileges, trust and the importance of adequate closure in attorney-client relationships. Ethical Dilemmas Between Attorney-Client Attorneys are to represent their clients as members of a legal profession. As long as there has been an attorney-client case, there has been disputes regarding the attorney s loyalty to their clients. Ethically, the adverse action implicates important professional values which include the obligations of legal professionals to provide services to those that need them, to become fully informed regarding legal matters to ensure competence, and to hold confidential clients communication. The attorney should always be truthful as well as trustworthy. According to Banks, â€Å"trust is an aspect of professionalism, and the encouragement of trust has become a fundamental characteristic in a professional relationship becauseShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of Attorney Client Privilege1153 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Merriam-Webster dictionary defines an ethical dilemma as a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act. Attorneys come into contact daily which involves the attorney-client relationships. The attorney-client privilege is a legal privilege that works to keep communications between a lawyer and his/her client secret (silence is golden). The privilege is a legal doctrine that protects confidential information, the contents and actions related to the privilegedRead MoreCase Ethics And Personal Ethics1387 Words   |  6 Pages Attorney Ethics Amberjean M. Gallagher St. Leo University January 28, 2016 Author Note Amberjean Marie Gallagher, Virginia Beach, Virginia No noted changes in affiliation. There were no grants or other financial support for my study. No other colleagues assisted in conducting research and development of this paper. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Amberjean Marie Gallagher, 1616 Quail Point Rd, Virginia Beach, VA, 23454 E-mail: amberjean.gallagher@emailRead MoreMatters Of Integrity : The Ethics Behind Attorneys Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntegrity: The Ethics behind Attorneys Valeria Ramos and Sabrina Reed Texas AM International University  Abstract As an attorney it is his or her job to make sure the client is at ease and their privacy is being protected. The legal profession has many components in order to be a successful attorney. As attorneys there are ethical dilemmas that correspond with being an attorney. These dilemmas include conflicts of interest, staff-management, attorney-client advocacy, and professional responsibilityRead MoreThe Problems And Dilemmas Of Professional Ethics1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe problems and dilemmas of professional ethics have always existed and have been a complicated subject of discussions. It should be pointed out that relationships between a counselor and a client in some cases can cause ethical issues. The first situation covers the problem of both platonic and sexual relationships between the counselor and his client. The second situation reflects the question of sexual relationships between the counselor and client’s relatives. Regarding the first situationRead MoreThe Ethics Of Confidentiality From Oklahoma s State Regulation1644 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrating helpfulness (video 1) and the desire to protect a client (video 2) have in fact violated or up held client’s confidentiality. To demonstrate these outcomes, the ethics of confidentiality will be examined from Oklahoma’s state regulation (2010) and the ACA Code of Ethics (2014). The various dilemmas and the awareness of both personal/professional competencies (both lacking and achieving) are exemplified in these ethical codes and regulations. The subtle/overt nuances of varying worldviewsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Playing Both a Therapeutic and a Forensic Role: the Difference3154 Words   |  13 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma of Playing both a Therapeutic and a Forensic Role: The difference Amal Long-Labaar Argosy University Professional amp; Ethical Issues in Forensic Psych FP6500 Dr. Andria Hernandez April 20, 2013 Abstract There are specific differences between forensic psychologists and counseling psychologists/therapists. Not just the obvious differences such as the forensic psychologist being retained by the courts, prosecution, or defense, and the counseling psychologist performingRead MoreVirtue Ethics And Teleology1256 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelops a honorable and moral character. According to Aristole by honoring virtuous habits, people will likely make the right choice when faced with ethical challenges. Virtue ethics helps us to understand what it means to be virtuous human beings. It gives us a guide for living life without giving us specific rules for resolving ethical dilemmas. Justice is the call for a fair and even response to wrong behavior. Although it calls for fairness in all things, As a concept it’s often appealedRead MoreThe Legal, Ethical and Managerial Concerns of Employee Monitoring1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legal, Ethical and Managerial Concerns of Employee Monitoring Employee monitoring has emerged as a necessity and yet as a very controversial issue due to the widespread use of technology. Employee monitoring is the act of watching and monitoring employees actions during working hours using employer equipment/property. This phrase can be a little scary as an employee, where is the line? The restroom is their property; thankfully there are employers who know their boundaries. Legally employersRead MoreEthical Concepts That Represent Fairness, Honesty, And Respect For All Human Beings792 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes unconscious. 1. Define 5 ethical concepts. There are five ethical concepts that represent fairness, honesty, and respect for all human beings and these ethical concepts often arise in interactions between healthcare providers and their patients. These concepts are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and confidentiality. These concepts are great in theory, but applying some of them to practice can at times be difficult and lead to ethical dilemmas. a. Autonomy means that an informedRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pages31: Constitutional, Contract, Criminal, Evidence, Property and Tort Law 32: List and explain Nash’s, Drucker’s, Buffet’s, Blanchards and Peale’s comprehensive approach for resolving ethical dilemma Drucker: â€Å"Above all do no harm.† Intentionally making decisions that will not do harm will encourage ethical decision-making. Buffet: front-page-of-the-paper test, it supports critical thinking to envision how the decision may look on the front page of a paper before making the final decision.

Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan Free Essays

| Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan| Evidence from Pakistan 2008/09 and 2010/11| | | | Table of Contents Introduction2 Literature Review2 Methodology3 Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers5 Results7 Discussion7 Bibliography8 Appendix A9 Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results:9 Introduction This paper explores the dynamics of gender wage discrimination in Pakistan for two data sets; Labour Force Survey for the year 2008/09 and 2010/11. We will explore whether or not women are discriminated against, as it has been suggested for a predominantly Islamic country like Pakistan. Labour theory addresses many reasons for wage discrimination. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the purposes of this research we will concentrate on ‘employer wage discrimination’. Following this our research will be aimed at discovering if women are paid less than their male counter-parts especially with the same set of characteristics. For this purpose we will use the Oaxaca-Blinder method to calculate the coefficient for discrimination across genders. Literature Review The basis of this paper is the work done by Oaxaca and Blinder in 1973 about wage discrimination models. In the paper ‘Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earnings Gap’ (Giaimo R. 2007) this method has been applied to find out how different characteristics change the discriminatory behaviour of employers in Italy. Oaxaca’s method for calculating discrimination was further adapted in the paper ‘Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles’ (Javier Gardeazabal 2005), and was used to calculate discrimination coefficients for quintiles. In a study conducted in India (Tilak 1980), it was found that the incidence of unemployment was higher for women than for men with the same characteristics. In this study the only characteristic that was taken was education. This is a different angle to look at discrimination from what this paper will do. Rather than looking at the unemployed, this paper will see the women in the labour force and if they face discrimination with respect to their wages. However, the underlying aim and also the hypothesis formed are the same. The paper ‘Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98’ (Mats Johansson 2005) explored the wage gaps between men and women in Sweden. They found that the wage gap was 14%-18% during the 1990’s. Their study also indicated that this difference could not be explained by applying the job requirements and qualifications to women’s wage function. The conclusion was that there is undoubtedly some other factors other than the characteristics of the workers that determined the wages in the Labour Market. Methodology This paper calculated a coefficient for Gender Wage Discrimination from the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? m(Xm-Xf) Here ‘? ’ is a vector of characteristics of workers. Therefore, the first part of the equation shows the wage differential between males and females on the basis of characteristics. Second part of the equation normalizes characteristics, for females in this instance, and then subtracts the wage differential based on characteristics, to give us the overall differential based on discrimination. As a control, we also work out the converse of this Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition as follows; D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? f(Xm-Xf) To control for selectivity bias, we have also used the ‘Heckman Procedure’. A multi-variable Logit model was run and three variables (Lambda1, Lambda 2 and Lambda3) were calculated to act as control for variables missed in our model. This discrimination coefficient has been calculated for two data sets using characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, province, region, professional trainings and status in the family. These characteristics have been selected after being shown significant as the determinant of wage. Natural log of wages was the dependant variable in the following regression; Table [ 1 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2008/09 Table [ 2 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2010/11 Our results are much better for the data set of 2010/11. The signs of education are expected. For the data set of 2008/09, signs for education are positive which does not support theory. Even after efforts to remove multi-colinearity, they still show positive signs. Most of the variables in the regression are also insignificant. However, when we take the data for LFS 2010/11, and correct it for selectivity bias, we get much better results. Most of the variables are significant as well as show the correct signs. The same algorithm was applied to both the data sets, and the same variables have been taken). Results of Logit models for correcting selectivity bias are attached in Appendix A. Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers Summary tables from LFS 2010/11 1. Age * Theory suggests that this is one of the most important determinants of people’s decision to work. 2. Marital Status * This variable was taken as a dumm y variable in the regression. * It is a significant variable in the decision to work, especially in developing economies like Pakistan. 3. Province This is also taken as a dummy. The Baluchistan province was omitted from this analysis. However, the calculations of the Oaxaca Blinder method take this omitted variable into account. This is because the method takes the vectors of the estimated regression equation. 4. Region * Whether a person is from a Rural or urban background has impact on the opportunities and the job growth pattern. 5. Education Level * This is linked directly with the variable wage. * This is again taken as a dummy variable, and higher education was omitted from the regression. 6. Migration (Rural-Urban) Although not a very significant variable in our regression, there are other empirical studies that have shown how the migrated families have better opportunities for work than those who do not. 7. Literacy * This is a dummy variable, and is significant in our anal ysis. 8. Selectivity Bias Variables * These are Lambda’s in the model. And have been calculated using the Heckman Procedure for controlling selectivity bias. Results To find the discrimination coefficient a matrix exercise was done in Stata using the data from LFS 2007/08. This presented the following equation; D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? Xm-Xf D=10. 030812+-7. 4166332 D= 2. 614212 The discrimination coefficient for LFS 2010/11 was calculated as follows: D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? fXm-Xf D=0. 11964462+0. 31341527 D= 0. 43305989 Just looking at the numbers we can say that discrimination have gone down significantly over the last two years. Whether this is actually the case, or this is just due to the problems in the data, we cannot be sure. However, we think that the result for 2010/11 is a better estimate overall. The results show that women are at a significant disadvantage in Pakistan’s Labour Force. These results are quite expected. However, we also need to take the problems in data collection and measurement into account. Many of the cottage and small scale industries are not counted in the LFS and they are a prime source of employment for women in Pakistan. Discussion There are many limitations of this study. First of all this can be made more powerful if panel data is used, however, there are no sources of such data. Secondly, an easy method of expanding this study would be to do an inter year comparative study. There are more limitations that are related directly to the data that we have used. Many questions have been raised about the methodology and the authenticity of the data in Labour Force Survey of Pakistan. However, this limitation is beyond our control. There have also been questions raised about the Oaxaca-Blinder method of calculating wage discrimination. While we have attempted to review paper that have used this technique and have achieved good results, there are still many questions about the technique, still. There are few policy implications that we can derive from these results, especially if we look at the significance levels in the data for 2008/09. However, this paper does prove to some extent that there is a problem of gender wage discrimination is Pakistan. We can attribute a lot of this to social factors as well; women do not want to work in most professions, so we can also argue that there may be a case for discrimination by the employees rather than the employers. Bibliography Giaimo R. , Bono F. , Lo Magno G. L. â€Å"Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earning Gap. † University of Palermo Journal, 2007. International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC-Rev. 2, 1968). ILO. 2012. http://laborsta. lo. org/applv8/data/isic2e. html (accessed 2012). Javier Gardeazabal, Arantza Ugidos. â€Å"Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles. † Journal of Population Economics, 2005. Mats Johansson, Katarina Katz, Hakan Nyman. â€Å"Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98. † Acta Sociologica, 2005. Stat. Stata. 2012. http://www. stata. com/meeting /5german/SINNING_stata_presentation. pdf. Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. â€Å"Education and Labour Market Discrimination. † Indian Journal of Industrial Relations , 1980. Appendix A Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results: LFS 2008/09 LFS 2010/11 How to cite Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan, Essay examples

Anthropological Climate Change and Effect on Organism

Question: Discuss about the Anthropological Climate Change and Effect on Organism. Answer: Introduction Anthropogenic climate change is the greenhouse gas production by activity of human. According to Steen Skagen and Melcher (2016), in last decades, the human activity increases with the production of green increases. This affects the polar ice cores and becomes the main reason of climate change. However, the climate change affects the animal kingdom badly. As a result, many of the species are endangered mainly the reptiles and amphibians. The response of the species towards the climate changes is not clear, which become a major challenge for the scientists. The main aim of the assignment is to find out the effect of climate change on the focal species. During the climate watch, ten focal species are selected. The assignment discusses about the focal species that is found during the climate Watch. The effect of climate change on that species is discussed. Moreover, the assignment discusses about limitation of the citizen science projects. The relevance to human society of the climate change studies is discussed. Result Common name Location Date Time Spur winged lapwing WSU Hawkesbury campus near the building L9 03/24/2017 9.13 am Woylies WSU Hawkesbury campus near the building G6 03/24/2017 12.43 pm Mt Lofty Spotted Quail thrush WSU Hawkesbury campus near the building G5 03/25/2017 8.03 am Short nosed sea snake WSU Hawkesbury campus near the building L8 03/25/2017 11.35 am Spotted tree frog WSU Hawkesbury campus near the building L9 03/25/2017 4.25 pm Southern corroborre frog Sub Alpine region of South Wales 03/26/2017 9.17 am Nangur spiny skink South east Queensland 03/26/2017 13.56 pm Sand tiger shark Coastal area 03/26/2017 20.59 pm Dinosaur ant Hilly area of Australia 03/27/2017 10.45 am Western swamp tortoise Swan coastal plain 03/27/2017 14.26 pm Table 1: Focal species sightings reported to Climate Watch (Source: Allen and Bradley 2016; James and Abbott 2013) Discussion The climate change has a significant on the ecosystem, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds. Baker et al. (2016) mentioned that the mammals have particular climate adaptations like needs for sea ice, temperature and snow. The mammals cannot avoid effects of climate change. They have to face both the positive and negative effects of climate changes. In the climate watch, it is found that Woylies is affected badly due to the climate change. They become the rare marsupial mammal, which belong to genus Betteogia. They can breed all over the year if they find the favorable condition of breeding, which is changing with the time. Therefore, the breeding habit of woylies is reducing and the numbers of woylies are decreasing. In comparison to mammals, the reptiles have the ability of climate change adaptation. However, many reptiles are very sensitive to the climate change (Chambers, Beaumont and Hudson 2014). The reason behind this is the ectothermy. They have to maintain the ambient temperature of the environment for maintaining the crucial physiological processes. It is necessary to consider the location of the species, where they live. Due to the climate changes, the temperature of the locations of that species is not maintained. Therefore, they show the vulnerability towards the climate change and become endangered species. Short-nosed sea snake is one of the endangered species, which belongs to the Elapidae family. This type of snake is found in the coastal area of Western Australia. Some of the turtles need proper temperature like the snakes. Western swamp tortoise is one of the reptiles that need particular temperature to sustain. The sex ratio of the reptiles is changing as well as the mammals se x ratio. It is necessary to save the reptiles and mammals for the wellbeing of the ecosystem. Hedlund et al. (2015) mentioned that the abolishment of mammals and reptiles affects the balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to take proper steps to conserve those endangered species. Various factors contribute to vulnerability of the amphibians, which are affected by the climate change. They are the most threaten species among the all species. The reasons of the threatening are the habit loss, invasive diseases, overexploitation, chemical pollution and diseases due to the climate change. Both the terrestrial and aquatic lifestyle of the amphibians is affected (Dunn and Mller 2014). The temperature of the water is increases, which affects the breeding habit of the amphibians. The numbers of new amphibians are not increasing. The amphibian species, which have less tolerance for the high temperature and moisture regime, are at the high risk. They cannot survive without water and the number of aquatic system is decreasing, which is the other reason of the abolishment of Spotted tree frog and Southern corroborre frog. Another species that is affected by the climate change is the birds. It is found that the birds are laying eggs earlier than time. Therefore, in many cases, the young birds cannot survive and bird death occurs. Another thing that happens due to the climate change is that the migration time of birds is shifting. The temperature of the earth is increasing therefore, the birds face problems about the migration (Bock 2014). Most of the birds in the winter seasons in the cold places. Moreover, behavior of the birds is changing. The life cycle of the birds is changing, which is the main cause of the bird abolishment. The human being needs to be careful, as the ecosystem is dependent on them and their activities (Allen and Bradley 2016). They need to control their activities for the wellbeing of others. Dunn and Mller (2014) mentioned that the climate change can affect the human beings as well as the other species and may cause of the destruction of the earth. Citizen science is the science that deals with the developing concepts of science and lifestyle of citizens. However, the citizen science projects have various limitations. This needs the validity of volunteer generated data. Keatley, Chambers and Phillips (2013) mentioned that some of the volunteers might not have the suitability for volunteering. The volunteers may have proper training and knowledge about the citizen science projects. There are various risks to introduce the data of the citizen science projects in front of wrong persons, who may use this for unauthentic purpose. The volunteers may not monitor the protocols of the projects properly and therefore the risk increases (Quintero et al. 2014). The members of the citizen science projects may lie about the data and this may affect the result of the projects. The members may take wrong data and have lack of knowledge of data collection. They may choose the complex data collection method and the risk increases with this. They can bias with the data and influence the boundaries of the projects. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that the human needs to modify their habits for the wellbeing of the ecosystem. The use of chloro fluoro carbon (CFC) needs tobe reduced, which mainly affects the ecosystem. The endangered species needs to be reserved so that the balance of the ecosystem can be maintained. The climate change has a significant on the ecosystem, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds. The reasons of the threatening o life of species are the habit loss, invasive diseases, overexploitation, chemical pollution and diseases due to the climate change. It is necessary to take proper steps to conserve those endangered species. The sex ratio of the species is changing as well as the mammals sex ratio. People should be aware of their activity or it may harm their lifestyle as well as the other species. It can be expected that the climate Watch can help the endangered species to sustain that will help in maintaining the ecosystem. References Allen, J.M. and Bradley, B.A., 2016. Out of the weeds? Reduced plant invasion risk with climate change in the continental United States.Biological Conservation,203, pp.306-312. Baker, D.J., Hartley, A.J., Butchart, S. and Willis, S.G., 2016. Choice of baseline climate data impacts projected species responses to climate change.Global change biology. 3(2), pp.565 Bock, A., 2014.Detection of the impacts of climate change on plants from novel unexploited long-term datasets(Doctoral dissertation, Mnchen, Technische Universitt Mnchen, Diss., 2014). Chambers, L.E., Beaumont, L.J. and Hudson, I.L., 2014. Continental scale analysis of bird migration timing: influences of climate and life history traitsa generalized mixture model clustering and discriminant approach.International journal of biometeorology,58(6), pp.1147-1162. Dunn, P.O. and Mller, A.P., 2014. Changes in breeding phenology and population size of birds.Journal of Animal Ecology,83(3), pp.729-739. Hedlund, J.S., Jakobsson, S., Kullberg, C. and Fransson, T., 2015. Long?term phenological shifts and intra?specific differences in migratory change in the willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.Journal of Avian Biology,46(1), pp.97-106. James, A.R. and Abbott, K.C., 2013. Phenological and geographical shifts have interactive effects on migratory bird populations.The American Naturalist,183(1), pp.40-53. Keatley, M.R., Chambers, L.E. and Phillips, R., 2013. Australia and New Zealand. InPhenology: An Integrative Environmental Science(pp. 23-52). Springer Netherlands. Quintero, I., Gonzlez-Caro, S., Zalamea, P.C. and Cadena, C.D., 2014. Asynchrony of seasons: genetic differentiation associated with geographic variation in climatic seasonality and reproductive phenology.The American Naturalist,184(3), pp.352-363. Steen, V.A., Skagen, S.K. and Melcher, C.P., 2016. Implications of climate change for wetland-dependent birds in the Prairie Pothole Region.Wetlands,36(2), pp.445-459.a